汉英翻译基础教程PPT下载

这是一个关于汉英翻译基础教程PPT，主要介绍了概论、汉英翻译基本知识、词的翻译、句子的翻译、语篇的翻译等内容。汉英翻译教程南华大学外国语学院英语系课程简介课程描述本课程运用汉英对比的翻译教学方法，围绕三个方面来组织课堂教学：一、从汉语到英语的语言转换；二、从汉语到英语的思维转换；三、把汉语的文化概念和内容译介、输入到英语语言中去。课程基本内容概论、词的翻译、句的翻译以及语篇翻译 翻译理论和技巧30-35%；翻译实践65-70% 课程目标翻译教学的总体远景目标是培养合格的译者，而翻译课堂的具体目标是培养学生的翻译能力。翻译能力是以译者的语言转换能力为核心，并包括译者的知识能力、创造能力、文化能力、交际能力和自我约束的能力。 目录概论汉英翻译基本知识词的翻译句子的翻译语篇的翻译 1 概论 1.1翻译的性质和类型 1.2汉英翻译的单位 1.3汉英翻译的标准 1.4汉英翻译对译者素养的要求，欢迎点击下载汉英翻译基础教程PPT哦。

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汉英翻译教程南华大学外国语学院英语系课程简介课程描述本课程运用汉英对比的翻译教学方法，围绕三个方面来组织课堂教学：一、从汉语到英语的语言转换；二、从汉语到英语的思维转换；三、把汉语的文化概念和内容译介、输入到英语语言中去。课程基本内容概论、词的翻译、句的翻译以及语篇翻译 翻译理论和技巧30-35%；翻译实践65-70% 课程目标翻译教学的总体远景目标是培养合格的译者，而翻译课堂的具体目标是培养学生的翻译能力。翻译能力是以译者的语言转换能力为核心，并包括译者的知识能力、创造能力、文化能力、交际能力和自我约束的能力。 目录概论汉英翻译基本知识词的翻译句子的翻译语篇的翻译 1 概论 1.1翻译的性质和类型 1.2汉英翻译的单位 1.3汉英翻译的标准 1.4汉英翻译对译者素养的要求 1.1翻译的性质和类型 1.1.1 翻译的概念(或性质): 1) 翻译是跨语言(cross-linguistic)、跨文化(cross-cultural)、跨社会(cross-social)的交际活动。 2) 翻译是将一种语言文化承载的意义转换到另一种语言文化中的跨语言，跨文化的交际活动。 Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language. 3）翻译的本质是释义，是意义的转换. Translation is always meaning-based. 汉译英是译者将作者为汉语读者所写的汉语文本转换成功能相似、语义相符、供英文读者阅读的英语文本的活动。 翻译是将一种文字之真义全部移至另一种文字而绝不失其风格的神韵。（吴献书，1949）翻译是用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。（张培基，1980）翻译的实质是语际的意义转换。（刘宓庆，1990）翻译的定义应该是：“将一种语言传达的信息用另一种语言传达出来。”（蔡毅，1995）翻译是将一种语言文字所蕴含的意思用另一种语言文字表达出来的文化活动。（王克非，1997）翻译是语际之间的信息传递和语族之间的文化交流。（萧立明，2001） “翻译是一项对语言进行操作的工作，即用一种语言文本来替代另一种语言文本的过程。”（J.C卡特福德，1994） “翻译是把一种语言的言语产物在保持内容方面，也就是意义不变的情况下，改变为另一种语言的言语产物的过程。”（巴尔胡达罗夫，1985） “翻译是在接受语中寻找和原语信息尽可能按近、自然的对等话语，首先是意义上的对等，其次才是风格上的对等。”（E.A奈达，1969） ——“Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor/target language， the closet natural equivalent of the source language message， first in terms of meaning， and secondly in terms of style.” “翻译乃是与语言行为抉择密切相关的一种语际信息传递的特殊方式。”（沃尔夫拉姆·威尔斯，1982） "翻译是一种跨文化的信息交流与交换的活动，其本质是传播。" （吕俊，1997）。 1.1.2 翻译的类型 1) Direction: source language-target/receptor language (从译出语和译入语角度来看): a. from foreign language into Chinese b. from Chinese into foreign language 2) Language symbols involved (从涉及的语言符号来看): a. intra-lingual translation (语内翻译) b. inter-lingual translation (语际翻译) c. inter-semiotic translation (符际翻译) 3) Method of translation (从翻译手段来看) a. oral interpretation (口译) b. written translation (笔译) c. computer/machine translation (机器翻译) 4) Subject of translation (从翻译题材来看) a. specialized-subject translation (专业性翻译) b. literary translation (文学翻译) c. general translation (一般性翻译) 5) Way of translation (从翻译方式上来看) a. complete/absolute translation (全译) b. selective translation (摘译) c. edit and translation/ translation with reconstruction (编译) 1.2汉英翻译的单位翻译单位是翻译研究和学习翻译不可忽视的问题，因为它牵涉到在语言转换过程中，在什么层级上实现翻译的标准。汉语和英语的语言层级都有词(word)，短语(phrase)，句子(sentence)，段落(paragraph)和篇章(text)。以篇章为翻译单位，固然最理想，有时会太大不可能操作。 以段落作为翻译单位有时很长单复句关系比较复杂，初学者不容易把握。 对初学者而言，句子是较为理想的翻译单位。因为： 从意义上讲，句子能够表示一个完整意思；从功能上讲，句子表示陈述，疑问，祈使，感叹等语气；从形态上讲，句子末端有句号，问号或感叹号为标志。 这些都是句子在层级上高于词和词组之处。汉语的句子，在理解时容易识别，较容易分析，在表达时又较容易重构，转换成与之对应的英语句子。必须注意的是，一个句子与相邻的句子之间存在一定语义的关联，这种关联总在以显性或隐性的方式连接在一起.正确地理解一个句子往往不仅要看它本身，往往还要依赖于与它相邻的句子甚至整个篇章，所以孤立地翻译句子而忽视句际之间的关系是不可取的. 1.3 汉英翻译的标准(criteria) Criteria of translation is the plumb-line for measuring the quality of a translation and the goal for a translator to strive for. 1.3.1 Source-language–oriented principle(以译出语为取向的原则). Characteristics: pay extreme attention to the form of the source text， always adopts a word-for-word / line-for-line translation or transliteration. e.g. 他是只纸老虎 He is a paper tiger. 这事让他丢脸 This makes him lose face. it rains cats and dogs (?) the Milky Way (?) the apple of one’s eye (?) 2) Target-language-oriented principle (以译入语为取向的原则) Liberal / free translation: e.g.: What is done is done. 木已成舟 Kicking a man when he is down. 打落水狗/落井下石 Liberal translation: using large number of domestication / adaptation for the reader’s sake. This is done at the cost of the loss or damage of the original image sometimes. 三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮 Two heads are better than one. 1.3.2Author- and – reader-oriented principle (以作者和读者为取向的原则) Characteristics: take both the author and the reader into consideration， and strive to be faithful and smooth at the same time. 18世纪英国爱丁堡大学教授，翻译理论家泰特勒(Alexander F. Tytler)提出的三条翻译基本原理： 1. A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. （译文应该完全传达原文的思想） 2. The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original. （译文的风格与笔调应与原文的一致） 3. A translation should have all the ease of the original composition. （译文应像原文一样流畅）玄奘: 既须求真又须喻俗 严复: (《天演论》卷首的《译例言》)　“信、达、雅”　( faithfulness， expressiveness and elegance ) “译事三难：信，达，雅。求其信已大难矣，顾信矣不达，虽择犹不择也，则达尚焉。” Yan Fu’s “faithfulness” means the full and complete conveying or transmission of the original content or thought. His “expressiveness” demands that the version must be clear and flowing without any grammatical mistakes or confused logic and sense. So the first two words as translation criteria are acceptable. But his “elegance” is unadoptable because it refers to the use of classical Chinese before that Han Dynasty. Yan Fu held that only the language before the Han Dynasty could be considered elegant and old vocabulary， old structure of Chinese must be used in order to represent the original fully and adequately. Therefore he can be said to object to the use of the vernacular or popular language of the people. As a matter of fact， the vernacular began to be in fashion when Yan Fu lived. Facts prove the vernacular or the popular language of the people can be used to translate any foreign language in the world. So many people criticized his “elegance.” Furthermore， His “elegance” can only be regarded as one style. Its opposite is the style of “boldness”. “Elegance” and “boldness ” constitute two different styles. Of course there are many other styles in translation. 鲁迅 (《题未定草》)“凡是翻译，必须兼顾两面，一当然力求其易解，一则保存着原作的丰姿．”；“信，顺”（faithfulness，smoothness) 1.3.3Aesthetics-oriented principle (以美学为取向的原则) 傅雷 ：(《高老头重译本序》)　神似（similarity in spirit）傅雷先生模拟我国传统的绘画理论，提出翻译应当像临画，所求的不在形似而在神似，强调“重神似不重形似”。钱钟书：化境 (sublimation / reincarnation) 许渊冲：“三美”（音美，意美，形美 the phonetic beauty， the semantic beauty， the formal beauty） 许渊冲译毛泽东诗词《昆仑》 而今我谓昆仑，不要这么高，不要这多雪，安得倚天抽宝剑，将汝裁为三节：一节赠欧，一节赠美，一节还东国。 　I would give to Europe your crest 　And to America your breast 　And leave the orient the rest. 许渊冲贺杨振宁新婚　　　振宁不老松，杨帆为小翁．　　　多寒情更热，花好驻春风． 　The ageless won’t grow old 　You sail with your young bride 　 love will warm winter cold 　spring will ever abide. Autumn-spring romance， a December-May couple 老夫少妻中华儿女多奇志，不爱红装爱武装（毛泽东•为女民兵题照） Most Chinese daughters have a desire strong To be battle-dressed and not rosy-gowned. To face the powder and not powder the face. 　　 1.3.4 Sociosemiotics-oriented principle (以社会符号学为取向的原则) 　　Characteristics: the translator should take into consideration the meaning and function conveyed by all kinds of language symbols included. 符号学的翻译原则：在保证特定上下文中最重要的意义优先传译的前提下，尽可能多地传递原语信息的多重意义，以争取原文和译文最大限度的等值。 A) Designative / conceptual meaning (指称意义) 　　　The relationship between the language symbol and the objective world it refers to e.g.: flower（花）　　　 He can play football. (他会踢球) B) Linguistic meaning (言内意义): the relationship between language symbols in the level of phonetics， word syntactic and discourse. The senator picked up his hat and courage.　参议员捡起了帽子，鼓起了勇气．(一语双叙) 　　　Two ghosts walked into a bar and asked the bar tender，　“Do you serve spirits”? (双关) C) Pragmatic meaning (语用意义)：It refers to the relationship between language symbols and its user， including indexical meaning(表征意义)， expressive meaning(表达意义)， social meaning(社会意义)， imperative meaning(祈使意义)， associative meaning(联想意义). Leech(1974: 10-26)意义七分说概念意义(conceptual meaning) 主位意义(thematic meaning) 联想意义(associative meaning) 含蓄意义(connotative meaning)、文体意义(stylistic meaning)、情感意义(affective meaning)、折射意义(reflected meaning)、搭配意义(collocative meaning) 对语言具备的功能，翻译家和语言学家的看法基本一致，只是划分的类别出有粗细之分，综合各家之见，(陈宏薇将之)分为: 1. 信息功能 (informative function) e.g. Gold melts at 300 degrees Fahrenheit. 2. 表情功能 (expressive function) e.g. I’m extremely sorry about… 3. 人际 /寒暄功能 (interpersonal / phatic function) e.g. How are you? Thank you for being with us! Good night! 4. 呼唤/祈使功能 (vocative function) e.g. Come here! 5. 美感功能 (aesthetic function) e.g. My love’s a red rose 6. 认知功能 (cognitive function) * man has to use language to think ， during the process， the language is performing the ~ 7. 元语言功能 (metalingual function) e.g. Chinese is a tonal language 西方最流行的标准是等值(equivalent value)，等效(equivalent effect)，功能对等(functional equivalence)。陈宏薇：“功能相似，语意相符”(similarity in function and correspondence in meaning) 翻译的标准鲁迅：信，顺（faithfulness，smoothness) 严复：信，达，雅（faithfulness， expressiveness， elegance） 刘重德：信，达，切 （faithfulness， expressiveness， closeness）傅雷：神似（similarity in spirit）钱钟书：化境 (sublimation) 译者素养 “翻译工作是一件艰苦的工作。有时候翻译比创作还要困难” ------郭沫若 About a half century ago， the late respected and beloved premier Zhou Enlai， in an interview with students of Beijing Foreign Languages Institute (now Beijing Foreign Studies University)， strengthened the “basic training” in the three essential aspects: the enhancement of our political consciousness， the betterment of our command of the relevant languages， and the broadening of the range and scope of our general knowledge. 深厚的语言功底 (a good command of the source and target language) 广博的文化知识 (a wide range and scope of knowledge) 高度的责任感 (a high responsibility) 深厚的语言功底外文水平高中文水平高语法意识 * 他发现前人研究地理的记载有很多不很可靠的地方。 He found there were many unreliable points in the geography record which be researched by the people before. He found there were many unreliable points in the geographic records kept by his predecessors. 惯用法意识连贯意识惯用法意识列举 1.你要有所弋获，则必须在学习中不断深入。 2.陈先生乃中国学界泰斗，他的那本书似为汉语修辞学研究的嚆矢。 3.当今澳洲文坛执牛耳者帕特里克.怀特的作品相当费解。 4.在旧中国，小人当道，瓦釜雷鸣的情形屡见不鲜。 5.婚姻不自由是当时勃谿时起的原因之一。 6.那研究生英年好学，矻矻三载，终使其论文得以付梓。 7.那位学贯中西的我国学者和英文大师，年轻时赴美负笈哈佛一年，即得硕士。 8.不少人认为“信、达、雅”是严复的戛戛独造，并奉之为译事之圭臬。 9.那地方是块肥肉，谁都想吃。连贯意识列举那人一只大手，向他摊着；一只手却撮着一个鲜红的馒头，那红的还是一点一点地往下滴。 （鲁迅《药》） This man was thrusting one huge extended hand towards him， while in the other he held a roll of steamed bread， from which crimson drops were dripping to the ground.（杨宪益、戴乃迭译） 广博的文化知识相关国家的文化背景知识汉英两种语言所反映的中西文化差异知识翻译理论及与翻译研究相关学科的知识 高度的责任感严谨、端正的工作态度（译前准备、翻译之时、译后校核）敬业、乐业的主人公意识政治觉悟高 The enemy killed one of our comrades and we killed an enemy agent. 敌人杀害了我们一位同志，我们宰了一个敌特。 The peasants and workers were hand in glove with one another in the struggle against the landlords and capitalists who worked hand in glove with each other. 在反对狼狈为奸的地主和资本家的斗争中，工人和农民团结一致（亲如手足）。 2 汉英翻译基础知识汉英翻译与文化中英思维方式对比汉英语言对比 2.1 汉英翻译与文化 2.1.1 文化的定义与分类 "Culture means the total body of tradition borne by a society and transmitted from generation to generation. It thus refers to the norms， values， standards by which people act， and it includes the ways distinctive in each society of ordering the world and rendering it intelligible. Culture is...a set of mechanisms for survival， but it provides us also with a definition of reality. It is the matrix into which we are born." (Robert Murphy， 1986: 14 ) "that complex whole which includes knowledge， belief， art， morals， law， customs， and many other capabilities and habits acquired by...[members] of society." (E.B. Taylor ， 1871) 美国著名翻译理论家尤金.奈达定义为“某一人群及其生存环境中所特有的某种活动、思想及其在物体和活动中所表现出来的物质形式的总和”。本教材（陈宏薇）将文化定义为：文化是人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和。（《现代汉语字典》第一条定义） “The definition of culture is what the society does or thinks.”(Edward Sapir) “Culture as a way of life， Culture might be defined as the ideas， customs， skills， arts， and tools which characterize a given people in a given period of time.”(H.D.Brown) Robertson said， “Culture refers to the total pattern of beliefs， customs， institutions， objects and techniques which characterize the life of a human community. Culture consists of all the shared products of human society.” E.T.Hall said in 1977 that “Culture is everything and everywhere.” E.A.Hoebel and E.Frost see culture in nearly all human activity. They define culture as an “integrated system of learned behavior patterns which are not the result of biological inheritance.” Daniel Bates and Freg Plog said， “Culture is a system of shared beliefs， values， customs， behaviors， and art that the members of a society use to cope with their world and with one another， and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning.” 戚雨村先生在《语言·文化·对比》一文中，对广义文化和狭义文化作了精辟的概括：“广义的文化指人类社会历史实践过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和，狭义的文化指社会意识形态、以及与之相适应的制度和组织机构；有时也特指教育、科学、文学、艺术等方面的精神财富，以便与政治、经济、军事等方面的知识和设施相区别。”（见《外语研究》1992年第2期） 依据不同的标准，文化分类也林林总总。从地域分，有本土文化和外来文化、城市文化和农村文化、东方文化和西方文化、大陆汉文化和港澳台汉文化等；从时间分，由原始文化、奴隶制文化、封建文化、资本主义文化、社会主义文化等；从宗教信仰分，有佛教文化、道教文化、基督教文化、伊斯兰教文化等；从生产方式分，有游牧文化、农业文化、工业文化、信息文化等；从生产工具分，有旧石器文化、新石器文化、青铜文化；从人类把握世界的方式分，有科学文化和人文文化；从性质分，有世界文化、民族文化、精英文化、通俗文化等；从结构层次分，有物质文化、制度文化、精神文化等。 2.1.2 文化、语言与汉英翻译的关系语言与文化密不可分，文化的差异可以通过语言反映出来。 “Language is a means of human intercourse.” (Frisdric Engles) “A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life.” (Karl Marx) Language is human-specific， found only among human beings. “Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols， a system of signs， created by human beings and used for human communication.” (Saussure) 一、自然条件的差异 “东风夜放花千树”、 “等闲识得东风面，万紫千红总是春” Biting east winds; a piercing east wind; How many winter days have I seen him， standing blue-nosed in the snow and east wind! “碧云天，黄花地，西风紧，北雁南飞。晓来谁染霜林醉？总是离人泪。”------王实甫《西厢记》 Grey are the clouds in the sky and faded are the leaves on the ground. /Bitter is the west wind as the wild geese fly from the north to the south. /How isn’t that in the morning the white-frosted tree are dyed as red as a wine flush face? /It must have been caused by the tears of those who are about to depart. ------熊式一译 英桂冠诗人John Masefield所作Ode to the West Wind用以怀念故乡Herefordshire. It’s warm wind， the west wind， full of bird’s cries /I never hear the west but tears are in my eyes， /For it comes from the west lands， the old brown hills， And April’s in the west wind， and daffodils. (那是一种温暖的风，西风吹时，万鸟争鸣；一听西风起，我眼眶中泪盈盈，因为它是来自西土，那褐色的故乡边， 春天就在西风中到来，还有水仙。------钱歌川译) 英国是一个岛国，渔业和航海业发达，看以下词语： all is fish that comes to one’s net 凡能到手的都要 You can’t make a crab walk straight. 江山易改，本性难移。 She sailed through the hall. 她自由自在地走过大厅。 顺藤摸瓜 track down by following clues 归根结蒂 to get to the root of the problem 雨后春笋 spring up like mushrooms 多如牛毛 as plentiful as blackberries 二、习俗的差异 汉英习俗的差异是多方面的。如对狗的态度：狗在汉语文化中是一种卑微的动物，与狗相关得表达一般含有贬义，如“走狗、狗腿子、狗东西、癞皮狗、狗急跳墙、狗仗人势、狗眼看人低、狼心狗肺”等。 英语文化中人们则欣赏狗的勇敢和忠诚，如“a lucky dog(幸运儿)”、“Love me， love my dog(爱屋及乌)”、“Every dog has his day(凡人皆有得意日)”等。 又如颜色方面，中国人喜爱红色，认为它代表热情、喜悦和兴旺。传统中国婚礼上新娘子总是红色的奇葩，以示吉利；新房也必由大红“喜”字 但英美文化中红色常与暴力、流血和战争有关。 因而为避免读者误解，著名翻译家David Hawkes不但把《红楼梦》翻译成“The story of the stone”，还将全书的“红”字都译为“green”。同样的差异还体现在白色、绿色等颜色上。 2.2 中英思维方式对比 2.2.1中国人注重伦理(ethics);英美人注重认知(congnition) “以儒家为代表的先哲对世界的认识主要不是出于对自然奥秘的好奇，而是出于对现实政治和伦理道德的关注”。儒家思想“关心的是人道，而非天道，是人生之理，而非自然之性”。而海洋性地理环境中发展起来的英美文化促使英美人对天文地理的浓厚兴趣，使他们形成了探求自然的奥秘，向自然索取的认知传统。 如：顺其自然（Let nature take its course in accordance with its natural tendency）、听其自然（leave the matter as it is; take the world as it is）、听天由命(be at the mercy of nature; be left to God’s mercy; let fate have its way; submit the will of Heaven; wait for one’s fate)、听天安命(accept the situation). 重伦理思想观念还体现在汉语与英语的亲属称谓翻译对比。 “张明和李丹是表亲。张明的母亲是李丹的姑母，李丹的母亲是张明的舅母。” Zhang Ming and Li Dan are cousins. Zhang Ming’s mother is Li Dan’s aunt who is the sister of Li Dan’s father，while Li Dan’s mother is Zhang Ming’s aunt who is the wife of Zhang Ming’s mother’s brother． 2.2.2中国人重整体（integrity）、重综合性 (synthetic)思维;英美人重个体individuality）、重分析性(analytic)思维 它收敛了它的花纹、图案，隐藏了它的粉墨、彩色，逸出了繁华的花丛、停止了它翱翔的姿态，变成了一张憔悴的，干枯了的，甚至不是枯黄的，而是枯槁的，如同死灰颜色的枯叶。 （徐迟---- 枯叶蝴蝶） When it gathers its wings full of exquisite patterns， it conceals its beautiful colors. When it flutters out from a cluster of blooming flowers and alights somewhere in the middle of its graceful flight， it turns into a dried leaf， not even of a withering yellow， but of a deathly grey. 2.2.3中国人重直觉（intuition）、重形象思维(figurative thinking);英美人重实证(evidence）、重逻辑思维(logical thinking) 中国人的形象思维体现在用具体形象的词语比喻抽象的事物，以物表感、状物言志。 明枪易躲，暗箭难防 It is easy to dodge a spear thrust in the open，but difficult to guard against an arrow shot from hiding 脚踩两只船 straddle two boats；have a foot in either camp 脚踏实地 have a down-to-earth manner 胆小如鼠 as timid as a mouse；chicken-hearted 顶天立地 dauntless；of gigantic stature；of indomitable spirit；giant 调虎离山 lure the tiger out of the mountains；lure the enemy away from his base 丢盔弃甲 throw away everything in headlong flight 哭笑不得 not know whether to laugh or to cry；find sth．both funny and annoying 枯木逢春 get a new lease 0f life 居高临下 occupy a commanding position 蒙在鼓里 be kept in the dark 2.3 汉英语言对比 2.3.1 汉英文字对比 2.3.2 汉英语音对比 2.3.3汉英词义对比 2.3.4 汉英句法对比 2.3.5 汉英篇章对比 汉语是分析型语言（analytic Language) 英语是综合型语言（synthetic language） Few follow the advice of Isabella Beeton， the greatest British cook in the 19th century， who decreed in an early edition of her book that “a good meal， if enjoyed and digested， gives the support necessary for the morning’s work.”  十九世纪英国烹饪大师伊莎贝拉•比顿曾在其著作的一个早期版本里说过：“受用一顿美餐，能使整个上午工作精力充沛。”这番高见，现在很少有人领教了。 When he has taken his exercise and is drinking his tea or his beer， and lighting his pipe…（George Santayana， The Weather in His Soul） 在他运动之余品茶或喝酒，并点着烟斗时…… 汉语句子多采用“意合法”（ parataxis）英语句子多采用“形合法”（ hypotaxis）秘书今天没来，她生病了。 The secretary is absent from work today because she is ill. 她们正打架，不巧被我撞见了。 I happened to be present when they were having a fight. 好不容易才说服她照我的想法办。 With some difficulty I brought her round to my way of thinking. 那个理发师俯下身，听小姑娘说，她要什么发式。 Leaning down to hear the little girl， the barber listened to her about the style she wanted. 酒不醉人人自醉。 It is not that the wine intoxicates the drinker but that the drinker gets himself drunk. It is not the wine that intoxicates the drinker but the drinker who gets himself drunk 汉语：表达上倾向于具体（concrete) 英语：表达上倾向于抽象(abstract) 他绝望了，正在此时，他见到远方的帆影，有了绝处逢生的希望。 He gave up all the hope when the appearance of a distant sail raised his hope of rescue. 越来越多的老人发现儿孙们对于流行乐表现出日益浓厚的兴趣，他们也渐渐接受了这个事实。 It seems that there is a growing acceptance by the old generation of their children and their grandchildren’s increasing interest in pop music. 汉语: 表达上趋向于动态(dynamic) 英语: 则更具有静态特征(static) 我倒了一杯茶给他喝。 I offered him a cup of tea. 他拿着枪，绕着屋子巡走。 He walked around the house with a gun. 游行的人拿着鲜花和彩旗在街道上行进。 The people paraded in the street， flowers and banners in their hands. 解决问题的最好办法是进行调查研究。 The best way to solve the problem is to conduct investigations. 英语: 表达更具有从属特征（Hypotactic）汉语: 表达趋向于并列特征（Paratactic） In English clauses or phrases are coordinated with or subordinated to one another syntactically while in Chinese clauses are placed one after another without coordinating connectives． The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside． 彩虹有多种颜色，外圈红，内圈紫。 He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession． 他有一种令人难堪的习惯：一会儿一个看法，自相矛盾，变化无常。 英语: 表达更具有复杂特征（Complex）汉语: 表达上趋向于简单（Simplex） English sentences are long and complex，while Chinese sentences are short and simple．For example： Many man-made substances are replacing certain natural materials because either the quality of the natural product can not meet our ever-increasing requirement，or，more often，because the physical properties of the synthetic substance．which is the common name for man．made materials，have been chosen．and even emphasized，so that it would be Of the greatest use in the fields in which it is to be applied． 人造材料通称为合成材料。许多人造材料正在代替某些天然材料，这或者是由于天然物产的数量不能满足日益增长的需要，或者是由于人们选择了合成材料的一些物理性质并加以突出而造成的。因此，合成材料在其应用领域将具有极大的用途。 英语: 表达更具有客观特征（Impersonal）汉语: 表达上趋向于个人化（Personal） What has happened to you? 你出了什么事儿啦? An idea suddenly struck me． 我突然想到一个主意。 A strange peace came over her when she was alone． 她独处时感到一种特别的安宁。 Not a sound reached our ears． 我们没有听到任何声音。 A great elation overcame them． 他们欣喜若狂。 The truth finally dawned on her． 她最终明白了真相。 英语: 表达更具有被动特征（Passive）汉语: 表达上趋向于主动特征（Active） A few years ago it was thought unusual that programs could ever be called up by viewers to be displayed on their TV screens at home． 几年前人们还以为，观众居然能够打电话要求在自己家里的电视屏幕上播出节目是一种稀罕的事情。 英语: 表达更具有间接特征（Indirect ）汉语: 表达更具有直接特征（Direct） I couldn’t feel better． 我觉得身体好极了。 I couldn’t agree with you more． 我太赞成你的看法了。 He can’t see you quick enough． 他很想尽快和你见面。 If you have a car，you are independent of trains and buses． 如果你有小汽车，就不用去坐火车或挤公共汽车。 英语: 表达更趋向于替代（Substitutive）汉语: 表达上趋向于重复（Repetitive） You should help her since you have promised to do SO． 你既然答应了要帮助她就应当帮助她。 He hated failure；he had conquered it all his life，risen above it，and despised it in others． 他讨厌失败，他一生中曾战胜失败，超越失败，并且藐视别人的失败。 2.3.1 汉英文字对比汉语属汉藏语系（Sino-Tibetan Family），英语属印欧语系(Indo-European Family)。古汉字是表意文字（ideograpic script）英语是拼音文字（alphabetic script）汉语主要有4种方法造字。　（1）象形字（pictagraph），它是有关自然现象，人或物的原始图形文字，是一种象形符号.e.g. 果，雨，山　　　 老张进门看见他的儿子在床上睡成一个“大”字。 　　Lao Zhang came in and saw his son lying spread-eagled on the bed. 　（2）指事字（indicative），它是以表达某种意思的抽象符号，或在形象符号中加上指事性符号构成。 e.g.上，下 　（3）会意字（associative），它是由两个或两个以上的指事性符号构成，其意义为该符号引起的联想意义。e.g. 从，森，祭 　（4）形声字（morpheme-phonetic character），它由表意的形符和表声的音符组成。 e.g. 烤 2.3.2 汉英语音对比汉语是声调语言（tonal language）。声调不仅是汉语的重要语音表达手段，还能帮助辨义。汉语的单音节词只有一个重读音节（stressed syllable），双音节词可能两个音节都重读，也可能只有一个音节重读。 “英语是语调语言（intonation language）。语调的单位一般是句群或小句，调核一般在语句的末尾。 语调既有语法作用，能分开陈述句，疑问句或反意问句，也有独特的表意作用，具有很强的表情功能，不同的语调可以表示不同的态度，口气和思想感情。 此外，语调还赋予英语一种旋律美，有的语音学家形象地将语调比做英语的灵魂。” 2.3.3 汉英词义对比词是具备形、音、义，可以独立运用的最小语言单位，也是最小的语法单位。词具有指称意义和蕴涵意义，因而难译。英汉词汇意义的对应程度，大致有以下三种情况 1）词义相符(semantic correspondence) 学生(student)， 环境保护(environmental protection) 在寻找语义相符的对应语时，易犯逐词翻译的毛病，找到假对应词，如: 学习知识 to learn knowledge (to acquire knowledge) ； 盐水 salt water (salt solution) 词义部分相符山 hill， mountain 鸡 hen， chick， rooster 青 green， blue 借 lend， borrow 兔 hare， rabbit 鼠 mouse， rat 你，您 you 江，河 river 父，母 parent 兄，弟 brother 嫁，娶 marry 叔，伯 uncle 我属兔。 I was born in the Chinese lunar year of the rabbit. 舅舅从桌上把花瓶拿去了。 Mother's younger brother has taken the vase away from the table. 2)二.词义相异(semantic non-correspondence) 词义相异有两种情况.第一种是指称意义相符，蕴涵意义相异. 松、梅、竹（岁寒三友，蕴含不畏唁函，傲然风雪的品德）然而，英语中pine trees， plum blossoms， bamboo不具备上述蕴含意义。 “羊”在古汉语中就是吉祥的意思.如“三羊开泰”(Three Rams Bring Bliss) ram 在英语中除表示 “公羊”外，还表示“撞击装置”。 第二种情况是指称意义和蕴涵意义相异. phoenix(凤凰): mythical bird of the Arabian desert， said to live for several hundred years before burning itself and then rising born again from its ashes “龙凤呈祥”(Dragon and Phoenix Bringing Prosperity) Blue books and periodicals 黄色书刊 Blue jokes 下流的玩笑 Blue revolution 性解放 Blue film 黄色电影 a white lie 无恶意的谎言 white coffee 加牛奶的咖啡 white wedding 吉祥的婚礼 3) 词义空缺(semantic zero) 词语意义的空缺是文化现象空缺的结果.翻译是需要用音译，意译或其他方式表示其义. 糖葫芦 Tanghulu， a sugar-coated fruit on the stick which is a kind of children’s favorite food in winter 特困生 the most needy students 乌纱帽 an official post 站票 standing-room-only tickets 钱先生周岁时 “抓周”，抓了一本书，因此得名 “钟书”. When Qian was just one year old， he was told by his parents to choose one thing among many others， he picked up a book of all things. Thereupon his father very gladly gave him the name: Zhongshu (=book lover). 词的选择(diction) “Each word when used in a new context is a new word.”（英国语言学家J.R.Firth) 1、确定词义 2、表达得体 联系上下文 注意文字表达的褒贬 区别词的基本意思 他是我父亲。这姑娘是漂亮。此人是书就读。他的英语水平比我的高。 He knows more English than I. 各级领导干部必须提高领导水平。 Cadres at all levels should improve their art of leadership. 要奋发图强，把我军的军政素质提高到一个新的水平……。 We must work hard to raise to a new height the military and political quality of our army……. 下面几例是“道”在<<红楼梦>>第三回的4种译法.“道”在早期文言中，是“说”的意思. 宝玉初见黛玉，送她“颦颦”为别名，探春问宝玉取此名的缘由，宝玉引经据典说得头头是道，然后便有了以下的对话. 1) 探春笑道:“只恐又是你的杜撰.” 宝玉笑道:“除<<四书>>外， 杜撰的太多，偏只我是杜撰不成?” “ You’re making that up， I’m afraid，" teased Tan Chun. “Most works， apart from the FOUR BOOKS， are made up; am I the only one who made things up?” he retorted with a grin. (杨宪益，戴乃迭译) 2)贾母笑道:“你不认得他，他是我们这里有名的一个泼皮破落户儿，南省俗谓作‘辣子’，你只叫他‘凤辣子’就是了.” “You don’t know her，” said Grandmother Jia merrily. “She’s a holy terror this one. what we used to call in Nanking a ‘peppercorn’. You just call her ‘Peppercorn Feng’. She’ll know who you mean!” (David Hawkes 译) 3) 贾母因笑道:“外客未见，就脱了衣裳，还不去见你妹妹!” With a smile at Pao-yu， the Lady Dowager scolded， “Fancy changing your clothes before greeting our visitor. Hurry up now and pay your respects to your cousin.” (杨宪益，戴乃迭译) 4) 贾母笑道:“可又是胡说，你又何曾见过他?” “You’re talking nonsense again，” said his grandmother， laughing. “How could you possibly have met her ?” (杨宪益，戴乃迭译) 表达得体 (1） 注意词的广义与狭义英语中有不少同义词的词义有广、狭之区别，运用范围也就各不相同。例如 农业是国民经济的基础。 Agriculture is the foundation of the national economy. “农林牧副渔结合的方针” the principle of combining farming， forestry， animal husbandry， side-occupations and fishery. 他从不喝酒。 He never touches wine. 原文“酒”是指一切酒类，故译作 wine。但在“他不喝烈性酒”一句中，“酒”是狭义，是和淡性酒相对而言的，又需译作spirits。 （2） 注意词义的强弱反动派的暴行激起了人民的极大愤怒。 The atrocities of the reactionaries roused the people to great indignation. 孙中山是个好人。 Dr. Sun Yet-sen was a man of integrity. （3） 注意词义的褒贬我们应该从这里得出一条经验，就是不要被假象所迷惑。 We should draw a lesson here: Don’t be misled by false appearances. 他们讲唯心论，我们讲唯物论。 They preach idealism whereas we advocate materialism. （4） 注意词的语体色彩同义词之间的差别，不仅表现在词义方面，而且也表现在语体色彩方面，例如别了，司徒雷登 Farewell， Leighton Stuart! 这是毛主席批评美国白皮书的一篇文章的标题，译文选用了farewell一词。若用goodbye，则不能表现出原文所具有的特殊语气和轻蔑口吻。禁止赌博。 Gambling is prohibited. 原文“禁止”的语体色彩较为正式，故译作prohibit. 这小伙子干活真冲。 This young fellow does his work with vim and vigor. 这里的“真冲”是口语体，译者注意了这一点，相应地也用了口语词vim表达。 （5） 注意词的政治含义 “农民” peasant 和farmer都可以和汉语的“农民”或“农夫”相对应。但是这个词的含义却有差别。Farmer本指农场的经营者或所有者。现在也可指以耕种为目的而租入土地的人。Peasant指住在农村中的小农和以耕种土地为生的劳动者。英美国家常用farmer指一般农民，而我们常用peasant指一般农民，并与landlord或worker相对而言。 “侵略” invasion 和aggression都是汉语“侵略”的对应词。Invasion指军事入侵，而aggression的含义范围较广，可指政治、军事、经济、文化各方面。 “自主” autonomy和initiative都可以和汉语的“自主”相对应。Autonomy指政治上有自治权利；initiative主要指思想上、行动上有主动性或独立性。“独立自主”中的“自主”是指后一种意思，所以用initiative. 打得赢就打，打不赢就走。 Fight when you can win， move away when you cannot. 比较： Fight when we can win and run away when we cannot. （6） 注意词的搭配汉英两种语言在长期使用过程中形成了各自的固定词组和搭配用法，翻译时必须注意两者的不同，不能把汉语词的搭配用法生搬硬套到英语译文中。例如：战火扩大：the flames of war expand (应为spread) 实现自给自足：achieve self-sufficiency (应为reach) 学习知识：learn knowledge (应为 acquire) 违反他的意图：violate his intention (应为go against) 严密控制：close control (应为strict/rigid) “啊，好票！”: Ah， good ticket! (应为seat) 有资格打世界大战：qualified to fight a world war (应为capable of fighting/can afford to/powerful enough to) 西方舆论纷纷预测：The public opinion in the West predicts one after another (应为The Western press has much to say in prediction) 强硬政策：Strong policy (应为tough) 鸡啼 cocks crow 鹿鸣 deer bellow 犬吠 dogs bark 羊咩 goats bleat 狮吼 lions roar 虎啸 tigers growl 狼嚎 wolves howl 　 马嘶 horses neigh 象吼 elephants trumpet. 鹤唳 cranes whoop 熊/公牛吼 bears/bulls bellow 　　蛇嘶嘶 snakes hiss 青蛙“呱呱”叫 frogs croak 喜鹊“嘁嘁喳喳”叫 magpies chatter 鹅“嘎嘎”叫 geese cackle/ gaggle 夜莺 啭鸣 nightingales jug 小鸡“叽叽”叫 chicks cheep/ pip/ peep 老鼠“吱吱”叫 mice squeak 驴叫 asses/donkeys bray 麻雀“唧唧喳喳”叫 sparrows twitter /chirp/ chirrup 猫“喵喵”叫 cats miaow /mew/purr Discussion 1．馆：博物馆、图书馆、旅馆、大使馆、领事馆、茶馆、饭馆、理发馆、体育馆、展览馆、文化馆、美术馆、科技馆、天文馆、照相馆…… 2．酒：葡萄酒、白酒、烈酒、啤酒、香槟酒、鸡尾酒、白兰地酒、威士忌酒、杜松子酒…… 3．笔：钢笔、铅笔、圆珠笔、蜡笔、粉笔、毛笔、画笔…… 4．好： a．他是祖国的好儿子。b．庄稼长得真好。c．他们对我真好。d．楼的质量不好。 e．这个问题很好回答。f．啊，好票 5．学习： a．学习知识 b．学习技术 C．学习外语 d．学习成绩 e．学习别人的长处 f．互相学习 g．以雷锋为学习的榜样 6. 申请书、报告书、协议书、成绩通知书、（使用）说明书、白皮书、家书 application， report， agreement， grade report， directions， White Book， a letter from/to home 7. 招领启示、鸣谢启示、征稿启示、更正启示 Found， Acknowledgments， Contributions wanted， Corrections 8. 名单、菜单、保险单、账单、节目单、传单、床单、被单、订单、订阅单 name list， menu， policy， bill， a program of entertainment， leaflet， bed sheet， coverlet， order form， subscription form 新闻照片慢车特快列车红眼病减肥操包办婚姻有目共睹---上海牌电视机磕头气功羊肠小道 于是，暮色中匆匆的人群里，总有我赶路的身影，雨里、雾里、风里、雪里，只盼着早些回家...... Thus the gathering dusk often finds me hastening home in a hurrying crowd. Whether it rains or snows， windy or foggy， it is the longing to be home that quickens my steps.(虞艳译) 1. 我们找个安静点的地方好好聊聊。 2. 箱子里已经没有地方了。 3. 你希望留在部队还是到地方上去？ 1. Let’s find a quiet place where we can have a good talk. Let’s find somewhere quiet so we can have a good talk. 2. There is no more space in the chest. There is no room left in the chest. 3. Do you wish to stay in the army or to transfer to a civilian unit? Would you like to stay in the army or leave for a non-military unit? 4. 我国的一项基本国策是发展乡镇企业。 5. 我们要根据形势的发展来调整政策。 4. It’s part and parcel of our national policy to develop enterprises in villages and towns. It is an integral part of our national policy to promote the growth of township and village enterprises. 5. We must make adjustment in our policy in response to changes in the situation. We have to adjust our policy to the changing situation. 6. 请大家积极参与单位的体制改革。 7. 他总是以积极态度处理各种问题。 6. Everyone is called on to take an active part in the systematic reform of one’s work unit. You are all encouraged to play an active role in the systematic reform of our unit. 7. He takes a positive attitude in dealing with all kinds of problems. He approaches various problems with a positive frame of mind. 8. 请别客气. 9. 他客气而冷淡地接待了我们. 8. Please don’t stand on ceremony. Please don’t be so polite. Please make yourself at home. Please don’t bother. Please， we don’t want to put you to trouble. 9. He received us politely but coolly. He received us with civility but no warmth. He received us with cool politeness. He received us with polite indifference. 10. 对他这种人就是不能客气. 11.他说自己才疏学浅，这只不过是中国人的客气罢了. 10. You cannot afford to go soft on a man like him. You must not be too soft when dealing with someone like him. You must be tough with people like him. Don’t give in easily when dealing with someone like him. 11. He says that he is a man of little learning and talent. That is merely self-depreciation， considered as politeness by the Chinese. When he says he has little learning or talent， he is only being modest in accordance with the Chinese rules of politeness. By describing himself as lacking in talent and learning， he is only being modest like a typical Chinese. He describes himself as incompetent and unlearned. That is merely typical Chinese modesty. 1．中国人民不用多久就会变得富裕起来。 [初译]It won’t be long before the Chinese people will become well off． 2．一般人要到失去他们所拥有的一切时，才会珍惜他们所拥有的一切。 [初译]People at large do not appreciate what they have after they lose it． 3．我们只消研究一下爱迪生所做出的杰出发现就可以看到其重大意义。 [初译]We have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery made by Edison and see the significance of it． 4．即使商品质量好，也不能漫天讨价。 [初译]Even quality goods must have a price limit． 5．我们把狄更斯的成功归功于他高尚的感情。 [初译]We owe Dickens’ success to his noble feelings． 6．在晚会上，邀请一位外国老师为我们唱几首民歌。 [初译]At the party a foreign teacher was required to sing some folk songs for us． 7．最近人口统计显示中国人口已超过十亿。 [初译]The latest census shows that China‘s population has surpassed one billion． 8．多年的教学经验，帮助我改变了主意。 [初译]Years of teaching experiences has helped me to change my mind．姓陶不见桃结果，姓李不见李开花，姓罗不见锣鼓响，三个蠢材哪里来。ed me to change my mind． 1. 他热衷于个人名利。 2. 她热衷于花样滑冰。 3. 我看出了他的心事。 4. 我看出了她的破绽。 5. 此物生南国。 6. 国将不国，何以为家。 7. 黄金荣是旧上海有名的大流氓。 8. 她追求的是真理，而他追求的是荣华富贵。 9. 诗人应具有丰富的想象力。 10. 真遗憾，你的想象力太丰富了。 11. 这位女影星在舞会上真是仪态万千。 12. 那位政客在那场辩论中真是丑态百出。 13. 张将军真是足智多谋啊！ 14. 那个敌参谋长可是诡计多端的呀！ 1. He is always hankering after personal fame and gains. 2. She is fond of figure skating. 3. I could read his mind. 4. I spotted her weak point. 5. It grows in the south. 6. When our fatherland is in great danger， there is no use to talk about sweet home. 7. Huang Jinrong was a notorious rogue in Shanghai in the old times. 8. What she seeks is truth， and what he hankers after is nothing but high position and great wealth. 9. A poet should have rich imagination. 10. What a pity! You’ve got into wild flights of fancy. 11. The film actress appeared in all her glories at the ball. 12. That politician acted like a buffoon during the debate. 13. General Zhang is really wise and resourceful. 14. The enemy chief of staff has a whole bag of tricks. 2.3.4 汉英句法对比 “话题-说明”结构与“主语-谓语”结构 “板块”式结构与“多枝共干”结构 “左分支”结构与“右分支”结构人称与物称：汉英拟人法对比 汉英平行结构对比 汉英重量趋势对比 句子基本成分对比 “话题-说明”结构与“主-谓”结构 汉语句子的“话题”与“说明”结构 “话题”是说明的对象，总是放在句子开头处。若语境或上下文能暗示话题，也可能省略不提。 “说明”位于话题之后，对话题进行说明、解释或质疑。 “说明”部分与“话题”部分不存在一致关系。“说明”可以是一个名词或动词，也可以是一连串的名词短语或连动结构，还可以由形容词及各种词组充当，对结尾没有限制，可长可短，视语义而定。汉语的连谓句典型地反映出话题的后面一长串说明的特点（因为凡与话题有关的内容都可放在后面对其进行说明）英语句子结构：一个主语和一个谓语相一致 这件事你不用操心。 This you do not need to worry. You don’t need to worry about this. There is no need for you to worry about this. 秘书今天没来，她生病了。 The secretary is absent from work today because she is ill. 那女人虽是山里模样，然而应酬得很从容，说话很能干，寒暄之后，就赔罪，说她特来叫她的儿媳妇回家，因为开春事务忙，而家中只有老的和小的，人手不够了。（鲁迅《祝福》） Although this woman looked like the hill-dweller she was， she behaved with great self-possession and had a ready tongue in her head. After the usual civilities she apologized for coming to take her daughter-in-law back， explaining that early spring was a busy time and they were short-handed at home with only old people and children around. 老拴正在专心走路，忽然吃了一惊，远远地看见一条丁字街，明明白白横着。他便退了几步，寻到一家关着门的铺子，蹩进檐下，靠门停住了。（鲁迅《药》） Absorbed in his walking， Old Shuan was startled when he saw the crossroad lying distantly ahead of him. He walked back a few steps to stand under the eaves of a shop in front of its closed door. 正在热闹哄哄的时节，只见那后台里，又出来一位姑娘，年纪约十八九岁，装束与前一个毫无分别，瓜子脸儿，白净面皮，相貌不过中人之姿，只觉得秀而不媚，清而不寒。（刘鹗《老残游记》） Amidst the feverish bustle， there appeared on the stage a girl about eighteen or nineteen years old， dressed up just like the former. Her face was shaped like melon-seed. Her beauty was above the average woman-charming but not coquettish， and a clarity of complexion but not coldness. “板块”式结构与“多枝共干”结构 汉语为“板块” 式结构： 其“意合”特点常表现为句内各成分一一罗列，呈并列状，外形上没有主从之分，层面之间没有明显的逻辑标记。英语为“多枝共干”型：英语句子的“主谓结构”为句子主干，其他成分则通过各种连带附加关系附着在这条主干上，犹如树枝与树干的关系。话说天下大势，分久必合，合久必分。 They say the momentum (势头) of history was ever thus: the empire， long divided， must unite; long united， must divide. 他们进行挑衅活动，制造紧张局势，必须马上停止。 They must stop all their provocations (挑衅) at once， which create tensions. 我常见许多青年的朋友，2)聪明用功，3)成绩优异，4)而语文程度不足以达意，5)甚至写一封信亦难得通顺，6)问其故则曰其兴趣不在语文方面. 倘若完全按原文的句法特征将其译成英文，可能是: 1)I have come across a great many young friends， 2)Bright and diligent， 3)Do exceedingly well in studies， 4)but they are rather weak in Chinese， 5)even can’t write a smooth Chinese letter. 6)When asked why， they’ll say they are not interested in Chinese. 请看张培基先生的译文: I have come across a great many bright and diligent young friends who have done exceedingly well in their studies， but are rather weak in Chinese. They cannot even write a letter in correct Chinese. When I asked them why， they said they were not interested in the Chinese language. “左分支”结构与“右分支”结构 思维模式差异：中国人的思维模式基本上是首先考虑事物的环境和外围因素，然后考虑具体事物或中心事物。西方人的思维模式正相反，首先考虑中心事物，然后才加上外围因素。思维方式差异在句子结构上的表现汉语“左分支”结构（“狮子头”形状）状语总放在谓语或句子主体前边定语无论长短，都置于中心词之前状语部分长，主谓部分短；主语部分长，谓语部分短；修饰成分长，中心成分短。英语“右分支”结构（“孔雀”形状）多数定语成分（除单词外）都置于中心词之后多数状语也置于主干成分之后重视末端重量，有时使用形式主语 村东头的王大妈来了，受坏人欺骗的村民们也来了。 There came Aunt Wang who dwelt at the eastern end of the village， and also came the villagers who had been deceived. 去年他为了完成一个项目在实验室用计算机努力地干了十个月。 He worked hard with a computer in the lab for ten months in order to complete a project last year. ......荷塘四面，长着许多蓊蓊郁郁的树。 ... in a lush， shady ambience of trees all around the pond. (朱纯深 译) Around the pond grows a profusion of luxuriant trees. (王椒井 译) Trees grows thick and bosky all around the pool ... (杨宪益，戴乃迭 译) Around the pond grows a huge profusion of trees， exuberant and luxuriant. (李明 译) 人称与物称：汉英拟人法对比这种思潮以陈独秀为代表，认为…… This view， represented by Chen Duxiu， was that … 我们的事业从胜利走向胜利。 We have won one victory after another in our career.  金陵回春，古城新生，昔日饱尝的屈辱和灾难，至此如同梦魇终被摆脱。人民在自己的土地上辛勤劳作，把古城南京装扮得面貌一新。特别是近三十年来，改革开放又给这座美丽的名城注入了新的活力，崭新的工业……都使这个具有古都特色的现代都市焕发出勃勃英姿。 Balmy spring winds returned to bring new life to this historic city. The nightmarish sufferings and humiliations of the past were left behind once and for all. The citizens of Nanjing have been working hard to give this age-old town a new appearance. Especially for the past thirty years， the country’s reform and opening-up policy has infused new vigor into this beautiful and famous city. Newly built industries， … all these and more added charm and vitality to this modern metropolis， which retains the ambiance and features of an ancient capital. 汉英平行结构对比汉语平行结构： “整句”中的句式结构。整句：结构相同或相似，字数大致相等，整齐地排列在一起的一组句子。整句形式：对偶、排比、反复 Parallelism：英语话语组织的一种重要形式既是语法问题又是修辞问题，不仅局限于句子层面，还包括篇章层面 ......时常会有些东西触动你的心，使你激昂，使你欢乐，使你忧愁，使你深思，这不是诗又是什么呢？（杨朔《东风第一枝·小跋》 ） There is always something that can inspire you or motivate you. There is always something that can bring you joy or sorrow. There is always something that can get you depressed and set you thinking. Can it be anything but poetry? 汉英重量趋势对比汉语句首开放性（open beginning）句尾收缩性（contracting ending ）或封闭性（closed ending ）英语句首封闭性句尾开放性 我原来打算在今年一月访问中国，后来不得不推迟， 这使我非常失望。 It was a keen disappointment that I had to postpone the visit which I intended to pay to China in January. Combine the following sentences: This is the egg that the boy hatched … This is the rat that stole the egg… This is the cat that caught the rat… This is the dog that bit the cat… This is the boy that chased the dog… This is the boy that chased the dog that bit the cat that caught the rat that stole the egg that the boy hatched. (追那条狗的就是这个男孩。他孵了个鸡蛋，被老鼠偷了。猫去抓老鼠，那狗反来咬猫。) 那周瑞家的又和知能儿唠叨了一回，便往凤姐处来，穿过了夹道子，从李纨后窗下越过西花墙，出西角门，进凤姐院中。（《红楼梦》） 译文1：After chatting for a time with the nun， Mrs. Chou went on to His-feng’s quarters. She walked through the passage， past Li Wan’s back window， and skirting the west wall， entered His-feng’s compound by the west side-gate.（杨译）译文2：After gossiping a bit longer with Sapient， Zou Rui’s wife made her way to Xi-feng’s quarters. To get there she had to go down a passage-way between two walls， under the windows at the back of Li Wan’s apartments， along the foot of an ornamental wall， and through a gateway in the western corner of the compound. （霍译） 1．写作的技巧比起其他艺术的技巧来相当困难。 [初译]The technique of writing is rather difficult comparing with that of the other arts． 2．与其一知半解，不如全然不知。 [初译]One may as well not know a thing at all than know it but imperfectly． 3．被人拿走的书是我的，不是她的。 [初译]The book having been taken away is mine，not hers． 4.．张太太也被风吹病了。 [初译]Mrs．Zhang was also blown sick by the wind. 5．这个省矿产很丰富。 [初译]The province’s minerals are rich 6．到20岁那年，他也没有向家长告别就参了军。 [初译]By the time he was twenty，he joined the army without saying goodbye to his parents． 7．等我们的老师从国外回来，我们就要做完我们的工作了。 [初译]We shall finish our work by the time our teacher returns from abroad． 8．虽然识字是很好的一件事，但是，按鲁迅的说法，还有一个弊端。 [初译]Although literacy is something very desirable，it has，according to the words of Lu Xun，a drawback． 9．“随身听”为学习外语提供了方便。 [初译]Learning foreign languages has been facilitated by Walkmans． 10．这个女孩十分紧张，当那个男人吻她时，她不知道如何办才好，她又激动又害怕。 [初译]The nervous girl didn’t know how to do with herself when the man kissed her；she was so excited and fearful．译例举隅及点评 我爱海，并不仅仅因为她的颜色美丽，和藏在海底那许多有趣的玩艺儿，而是爱她的胸襟宽阔，化污秽为清洁。（谢冰莹：《海恋》） I love the sea not only because she has the beautiful hues and many intriguing objects hidden deep underneath her， but also because she is broad and liberal enough to turn the foul into the pure. (隋荣谊) 我想他是不得已才向我求助的，因为他不想让家里人知道这件事。译文一：I think he came to me for help because he had no alternative， for he wanted his family to know nothing about this. 译文二：I think he asked me for help out of necessity， for he didn’t want his family to know about this. 华大妈在枕头底下掏了半天，掏出一包洋钱，交给老栓，老栓接了，抖抖的装入衣袋，又在外面按了两下；便点上灯笼，吹熄灯盏，走向里屋子去了。（鲁迅《药》）译文一：After some fumbling under the pillow， his wife produced a packet of silver dollars which she handed over. Older Shuan pocketed it nervously， patted his pocket twice， then lighting a paper lantern and blowing out the lamp went into the room. (杨宪益，戴乃迭 译) 译文二：After some fumbling under the pillow， his wife produced a packet of silver dollars and handed it over to him. Older Shuan took it， pocketed it nervously and patted his pocket twice. Then he lighted a paper lantern， blew out the lamp and went into the room. (李明 改译) 中国的大河流都是从西流向东，使得南北之间的交通相对来说比较困难，因此铁路和公路成为了国家经济上必不可少的设施。 All China’s big rivers flow from east to west， making transportation between the north and the south relatively difficult. As a result， railroads and highways have become indispensable for the nation’s economy. 每年都有大批的外国旅游者来中国观光，中国有许多著名的旅游点，比如长城就是一个有重大历史意义的建筑物，桂林就是一个以不平凡的风景而闻名的地方。 Every year， a great number of foreign tourists come to visit China. China has a lot of famous spots. For example， the Great Wall is a structure of great historical significance， and Guilin is a place know for its unique scenic beauty. 汉语中常用句型及其翻译宋天锡（2000：:31-408）对汉语的常用的九种句型的特点及其英译进行了探讨。 1）主谓单句；2）无主句；3）流水句；4）主题句；5）连动句；6）兼语句；7）意合句；8）主、次信息句；9）长句一、主谓单句 1）鲁迅，绍兴人。（主语+名词谓语） Lu Xun was from Shaoxing. [SVC] 2）这个姑娘很漂亮。（主语+形容词谓语） That girl is very pretty. [SVC] 3）老舍是北京人。（主语+判断谓语） Lao She was from Beijing. [SVC] 4) 这花儿是白的。[主语+判断谓语]  The flower is white.[SVC] 5) 水库是1958年修建的。[主语+判断谓语]  The reservoir was built in 1958. [SV(passive)] 6) 他打破了杯子。[主语+谓语+宾语]  He broke the glass.[SVO] 7) 李先生教我们地理。[主语+谓语+宾语+宾语]  Mr. Li teaches us geography.[SVOO] 8) 广州近几年发生了巨大变化。 There have been great changes in Guangzhou in recent years. Great changes have taken place in Guangzhou in recent years. 9）这个地区多雨。 It rains a lot in this area. There is much rain in this area. 10）他说不出来。 He is unable to express it. He is unable to express himself. 11）王先生心里有事，急促地走着。可是，满街光怪陆离的景色，不断地闯入他的眼帘。 Mr Wang walked hurriedly along， preoccupied with his own thoughts， but the kaleidoscopic street scened continuously forced themselves on his attention.(黄新渠 译) 二、无主句 12）只盼着早些回家，洗去一身的疲劳，泡上一杯清茶，点上一柱檀香，打开半卷的书卷，一任轻柔的旋律把我带进一个美丽的境界。 To be home means to ens a day’s fatigue and enjoy myself in a world of my own. With a nice cup of tea and a burning sandal-wood stick by my side， I can either resume my suspended reading， or listen leisurely to a soft melody and let myself be carried away to a fairyland of beauty.（陈文伯译）三、流水句 13）各种房屋，以自然村排列，错落有致，一条小河穿村而过，岸边停泊着旧式小渔舟，水面上一群群小鸭、白鹅自由地浮游着，深巷草屋，绿树丛中，时而传来鸡鸣狗吠之声…… The different houses were properly distributed to form natural hamlets; through the village flowed a stream， with small old-style fishing boats moored at its banks and flocks of ducks and geese floating peacefully on its water; from deep alleys and thatched cottages and from among green trees came the crowing of roosters and the barking of dogs…（蒋坚松 译）四、主题句 14）过去向我们学习的人，现在反而超过了我们。这对我们确实是一个鞭策。 The fact that those who had learned from us now excelled us really serves as an impetus to us. It really serves as an impetus to us that those who had learned from us now excelled us. 五、连动句 15）吴老太爷接过来恭恭敬敬地摆在膝头，就闭了眼，干瘪的嘴唇上浮出了一丝放心的微笑。 Old Mr. Wu took it and laid it reverently on his lap. He closed his eyes again， with a faint smile of peace on his shriveled lips. 16）我下楼在门口买了几个大红橘子，塞在手提袋里，顺着歪斜不平的石板路，走到那小屋的门口。 I went downstairs， bought some oranges on the street， stuffed them in my bag， and headed along the narrow and winding path to the shack. 17）他下意识地举起手来解释阴与阳之间的相互依存关系。 He involuntarily raised his hand to explain that yin and yang are mutually indispensable and engendering. 六、兼语句 18）我们请王先生下周日同我们一起去登山。 We invited Mr. Wang to go mountain-climbing with us next Sunday. 19）桌上有一本书写得很好。 There was one book on the desk which was very well written. 20）是这篇文章启发了我，使我改变了主意。 It was this article that illuminated me and made me change my mind. 21）我请他明天晚上到我这来。 I asked him to come over to me tomorrow evening. 22）老师表扬她乐于助人。 Our teacher praises her because she is always ready to help others. 23）这部电影使我们颇感兴趣。 The movie interested us very much. The movie made us interested in it very much. 七、意合句 24）最近二三十年来，世界的科学技术日新月异地发展，专业化的分工更细，协作的规模更大。 The recent two or three decades have witnessed the fantastic spurt of science and technology throughout the world with the result that there is a higher degree of specialization and a greater scale of coordination. 八、话题句 25）这个问题我想得头疼。 It is a headache to me to consider the matter. 26）小王啊，来不了啦。 As to Xiao Wang， he can’t make his presence. 27）大家在足球场上都尽心尽力，这场球他踢破了两双球鞋。 All did their best on the football field. To compete in this match， he even got two pairs of his shoes torn apart. 将汉语句子中的话题转换成英语句子中的宾语： 28）这本书我是在教室里发现的。 I found this book in the classroom. 二、将汉语句子中的话题转换成英语句子中的状语： 29）这个历史伟业，我们党领导全国人民已经奋斗了五十年。 As for this historic cause， the Communist Party of China has led the whole Chinese people to struggle for 50 years. 三、将汉语句子中的话题转换成英语句子中的主语或者主语的一部分。 30）玩沙的乐趣，玩沙的人才知道。 Playing with sand is an enjoyment only for the sand-players. 四、将汉语中现存句的话题转换成地点状语置于英语的”There be”句型中。 31）会议室里可能还有空位置给你们坐。 There might still be some vacant seats for you in the meeting room. 汉英句子翻译方法 1. 增译法 (amplification) 2. 减译法 (omission) 3. 词类转移法 (conversion) 4. 重译法 (repetition) 5. 词序调整法 (inversion) 6. 分译法 (division) 7. 正说反译， 反说正译法 (negation) 8. 语态变换法 (the change of the voices) 1. Amplification 由于英汉两种语言文字之间存在巨大差异，在翻译过程中很难做到字词句上完全对等。因此，为了准确地传达出原文的信息，往往需要对译文增译。所谓增译，就是在原文的基础上添加必要的单词、词组、分句或完整句，从而使译文在句法和语言形式上符合汉语的习惯并使译文在文化背景、词语联想方面与原文保持一致，以达到译文与原文在内容、形式和精神方面对等的目的。这里的增加不是无中生有随意增加，而是增加原文中虽无其词却有其意的一些部分。1) Amplification by supplying Pronouns 2）Amplification by adding necessary connectives， articles， or prepositions 3）Amplification by supplying necessary background words 1、在汉译英时，为了保证译文语法结构完整而需要增补词语得现在大致可分为四类词：代词、连词、介词及冠词。 跑了和尚跑不了庙。 The monk may run away， but the temple can’t run away with him. 小不忍则乱大谋。 If one is not patient in small thing， one will never be able to control great ventures. 留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。 So long as green hills remain， there will never be a shortage of firewood. 一个篱笆三个桩，一个好汉三个帮。 A fence needs the support of three stakes， an able fellow needs the help of three other people. 虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。 Modesty helps one to go forward， whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 2、为了保证译文意思的明确而增词 增补的词有：原文中暗含而无需明言的词、概括性词和注释性词语例如：谁都知道朝鲜战场是艰苦些。 Everyone knows that life on the Korean battlefield was rather hard. 结婚大办酒席，实在可以免去了。 The practice of giving lavish feasts at weddings can well be dispensed with. 班门弄斧。 Show off one’s proficiency before Lu Ban---the master carpenter. 三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。 Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang---the master mind. 温故而知新，可以为师也。 A man who is able to review past knowledge and acquire new knowledge is qualified to be a teacher. 学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。 Reading without thinking results in bewilderment; thinking without reading results in peril. 知之为知之，不知为不知，是智也。 When you know something， say you know it; if you don't know it， just say you don't know it. That is wisdom." 我们要对问题做全面的分析，才能妥善解决。大作收到，十分高兴。交出翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方。没有调查就没有发言权。我们要确定两个开放：一是对内开放，一是对外开放。看粮食，要看中国的农业；看农业，首先要看市场。 We must make a comprehensive analysis of a problem before it can be properly solved. I was very glad to have received your writing. Before handing in your translation， you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved. He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak. We have decided on an open policy in two respects: namely to open both within the nation and to the world. To have a better understanding of the food situation in china we must take a full view of her agriculture， and to know the agriculture we must first look at the food market. 王子犯法与民同罪。要提倡顾全大局。铁饭碗对毕业生可以采取“双向选择”的制度。 When anyone among the people breaks the law， he too should be punished. We should advocate the spirit of taking the whole situation into consideration. “iron rice bowl”， China’s system of lifetime job and income security The two-way choice system can be adopted for college graduates， which means that graduates could choose employers and employers could choose graduates. 人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。勤能补拙。知识的问题是一个科学的问题，来不得半点的虚伪和骄傲，决定的需要的倒是其反面——诚实和谦虚的态度。你要有知识，你就得参加变革现实的实践。你要知道梨子的滋味，你就得变革梨子，亲口吃一吃……你要知道革命的理论和方法，你就得参加革命。一切真知都是从直接经验发源的。但人不能事事直接经验，事实上多数的知识都是间接经验的东西，这就是一切古代的外域的东西。 It is impossible to judge people from their appearance， and impossible to measure the ocean by pints./We can’t judge people from their appearance， just as we can’t measure the ocean by pints. Diligence makes up for the deficiency/inability. Knowledge is a matter of science， and no dishonesty or conceit whatsoever is permissible. What is required is definitely the reverse-honesty and modesty. If you want knowledge， you must take part in the practice of changing reality. If you want to know the taste of a pear， you must change the pear by eating it yourself…. If you want to know the theory and methods of revolution， you must take part in revolution. All genuine knowledge originates in direct experience. But one cannot have direct experience of everything; as a matter of fact， most of our knowledge comes from indirect experience， for example， all knowledge from past times and foreign lands. 2、Omission 为了使译文符合英语的表达习惯和修辞特点。 注意：词的省略不是原文思想和内容的任意删减。省词的原则：在译文中看来是可有可无的、或是多余的词语。其意思已经包含在上下文里的词语。其含义在译文中是不言而明的词语。 1）原文中重复出现的词语 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。 Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 我们不后退，我们从来没有后退过，我们将来也决不会后退。 We won’t retreat， we never have and never will. 勇敢过度，即成蛮勇；感情过度，即成溺爱；俭约过度，即成贪婪。 Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness， affection weakness， thrift avarice. (rhyme) 2）原文中表示范畴的词语 汉语中的一些名词，如“任务”、“工作”、“情况”、“状态”、“问题”、“制度”、“事业”、“局面”等用来表示范畴时常失去具体意义，一般省略不译。 在党的领导下，中国人民已经完成了解放事业。 Under the leadership of the Party， the Chinese people have succeeded in their liberation. 我们结束了那个时期的社会动荡和纷扰不安的局面。 We have put an end to the social unrest and upheaval of that time. 多年来那个国家一直有严重的失业现象。 For many years there has been serious unemployment in that country. 3）可能影响译文修辞效果的词语 花园里面是人间的乐园，有的是吃不完的大米白面，穿不完的绫罗绸缎，花不完的金银财宝。（周而复《上海的早晨》） The garden was a paradise on earth， with more food and clothes than could be consumed and more money than could be spent. 日军所至，杀戮人民、奸淫妇女、焚毁村庄、掠夺财物，无所不用其极。 Wherever the Japanese troop went， they massacred and raped， burned and looted， and stopped at nothing. Practice 1、每条河流都有上游、中游和下游。 2、沉默啊，沉默啊！不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡。 3、中国人民历来是勇于探索、勇于创造、勇于革命的。 4、中国人民渴望世界持久和平，促进共同发展和共同繁荣。 1、Every river has its upper， middle and lower reaches. 2、Silence! Silence! Unless we burst out， we shall perish in this silence. 3、The people of China have always been encourageous enough to probe into things， to make inventions and to make revolutions. 4、Chinese people long for a lasting world peace so as to promote common development and prosperity. 5、我们要培养分析问题、解决问题的能力。 6、许多家用电器都是在中国制造的，这些家用电器性能可靠，操作方便。 7、险滩上，江流汹涌，回旋激荡，水击礁石，浪花飞溅，声如雷鸣。 5、We must cultivate the ability to analyze and solve problems. 6、A lot of household appliances are made in China， which are reliable in performance and easy in operation. 7、The shoals give rise to many eddies， pounding on the midstream rocks and the river roars thunderously. 8、上有政策，下有对策，有令不行，有禁不止。 9、双方认为应把中美关系放在世界范围内来看，应着眼于未来，着眼于21世纪。 10、他们你一言，我一语，说个没完。 11、全体员工精诚团结，上下一心。 8、Disobey orders and defy prohibitions. 9、The two sides held that China-US relations should be viewed in the global context and from a perspective of the future and the 21st century in particular. 10、They talked on and on. 11、All the staffs unite in absolute sincerity. 阿坝州风光秀丽，山河壮美。座座雪峰耸入云霄，原始森林遮天盖地，莽莽草原花团锦簇，叠溪遗迹神秘奥妙，瀑布溪流蜿蜒跌宕，高山湖泊灿若明珠，藏羌村寨别具一格，肥沃河谷瓜果飘香。 The beautiful landscapes of Aba prefecture feature towering snow-clad mountains， crisscrossing rivers， and boundless forests and grassland. On this fertile land are peculiar geological ruins， fantastic streams and waterfalls， alpine lakes and Tibetan and Qiang villages. 乐山水光山色独特，地理环境优越，素有“绿杨夹岸水平铺”之称，举行龙舟竞渡得天独厚。 Famous for its “tranquil river fringed with rich vegetation”， Leshan in Sichuan Province has the ideal setting for its Dragon Boat Festival. 词类的转换(Conversion) & 语序的变换(Inversion) 借刀杀人 murder sb. with a borrowed sword 徐悲鸿画马画得特别好！ Xu’s drawings of horses are exceptionally good. 近来，研究人员发现感冒可以通过人的手传染. Recent research discoveries indicate that flu can be spread by hand contacts. 1、汉语动词转换成英语的名词； 2、汉语动词转换成英语的形容词； 3、汉语动词转换成英语的介词或介词短语； 4、汉语的名词转译为英语的动词； 5、汉语名词转换成英语形容词或副词； 6、汉语的形容词或副词相互转换或转换成英语的名词，介词或介词短语； 1、汉语动词转换成英语的名词；希望你们考虑一下我们的意见。 I would very much appreciate it if you could take our suggestion into consideration. 钢琴家演奏得很出色。 The pianist gave a fine performance. 他害怕他父母撤消已做出的许可。 He feared the withdrawal of his parents'' permission. 他在讲话中特别强调提高产品质量。 In his speech he laid special stress on raising the quality of the products. 绝对不许违反这个原则。 Violation of this principle can never be tolerated. 中国政府承诺不对无核武器的国家使用核武器。 The Chinese government undertakes non-use of nuclear weapons against nonnuclear countries. 禁止任何叛国、分裂国家、煽动叛乱及窃取国家机密的行为。 Any act of treason， secession， sedition and theft of state secrets is prohibited. 中国成功地爆炸了第一颗原子弹，在全世界引起了巨大的反响。 China’s successful explosion of its first atom bomb caused tremendous repercussions throughout the world. 林则徐认为，要成功地制止鸦片买卖，就得首先把鸦片销毁。 Lin Zexu believed that a successful ban of the trade in opium should be preceded by a destruction of the drug itself. 邓小平在“十一大”上说：“一定要少说空话，多做工作”。 Deng Xiaoping said at the 11th Party Congress， “There must be less empty talk and more hard work.” 2）汉语动词转换为英语形容词 我非常挂念她。 I am very concerned about her. 感谢你的帮助。 I am grateful to you for helping me. 我为她的健康担忧。 I am anxious about her health. 我们切不可满足于仅仅有一点点书本知识 。 We should never be content with a little book knowledge only. 获悉贵国遭受地震，我们极为关切。 We are deeply concerned at the news that your country has been struck by an earthquake. 她母亲为她的健康担忧。 Her mother was anxious about her health. 3） 汉语的动词转换成英语的介词或介词词组 我们全体赞成他的提议。 We were all in favor of his suggestion. 他们不顾一切困难，挫折，坚持战斗。 They kept on fighting in spite of all difficulties and setbacks. 这种人闹什么呢？闹名誉，闹地位，闹出风头。 What are these people after? They are after fame and position and want to be in the limelight. 4) 汉语的名词转换成英语的动词 他的讲演给听众的印象很深。 His speech impressed the audience deeply. 大部分学生对老师态度很恭敬。 Most students behaved respectfully towards their teachers. 该厂产品的主要特点是工艺精湛，经久耐用。 The products of this factory are chiefly characterized by their fine workmanship and durability. 他在最后的一幕里占了很突出的地位。 She figured prominently in the last act. 我想男孩子的思维方式与女孩子是不一样的。 I suppose boys think differently from girls. 5) 汉语名词转换成英语形容词或副词 我们应该尊老爱幼。 we should respect the old and love the young. 这两种化合物都是酸，前者是强酸，后者是弱酸。 These two compounds are both acids. The former is strong and the latter is weak. 孩子大了，应该有自尊心了。 The boy is big(长大了的)enough to be self-respecting. 中国经济将保持持续快速健康发展。 China will maintain sustained， rapid and sound economic growth. 6) 汉语的形容词或副词转换成英语的名词 街中的一切逐渐消失在灰暗的暮色里。 Everything was gradually disappearing into a pall of grey. 空气是这样的清香，使人感到分外凉爽、舒畅。 The air was fresh and fragrant; it gave people a feeling of exceptional coolness and comfort. 他试图用热情的款待把他的窘态掩盖过去。 He tried to cover up his embarrassment with the enthusiasm of his hospitality. 在全国文明礼貌月中，所有城市必须搞好卫生，清除混乱和不礼貌现象。 During the National Civic Virtues Month， all the cities must clean up， and banish disarray and discourtesy. 英语的五种基本句型 SV SVO SVOO SVOC SVC 这个姑娘很漂亮。[主语+形容词谓语] That girl is very pretty. [SVC] 老舍是北京人。[主语+名词谓语] Lao She was from Beijing. [SVC] 这花儿是白的。[主语+判断谓语] The flower is white.[SVC] 水库是1958年修建的。[主语+判断谓语] The reservoir was built in 1958. [SV(passive)] 他打破了杯子。[主语+谓语+宾语] He broke the glass.[SVO] 李先生教我们地理。[主语+谓语+宾语+宾语] Mr. Li teaches us geography.[SVOO] 他要我投寄这封信。[主语+谓语+宾/主语+谓语(兼语式)] He asked me to post the letter.[SVOC] 天上挂着一轮明月。[ (处所)+谓语+宾语（存现句）] A bright round moon hangs in the sky.[SV] S与V在英语中不可缺少，即使充当主语或谓语无实际意义，也须加上以满足语法形式的要求叶子黄了。 The leaves turned brown. 看样子要变天了。 It seems the weather is changing. 当时我在北京。 I was in Beijing at the time. ——是谁呀？——是我。 ——Who is it? ——It's me. 不行！ It won't do! 2.3.5 汉英篇章对比信息结构(information structure) 篇章信息功能 ----- 句子信息结构汉语是主题显著(topic-prominent)语言。汉语的句子强调意义和功能，建构在意念主轴(thought-pivot)上，句子跟思想的简单明确的顺序一致。如： 关于春游，你们建议去哪儿？ 盐城，那是我的家乡。 为了完成这个作业，他熬了一个通宵。 上述划线部分均为主题，而不是主语。英语是主语显著(subject-prominent)语言。英语句子重形式和功能，句子建构在主谓主轴(subject-predicate-pivot)上，主语和谓语之间存在一种形式上的一致关系。 二、结构衔接结构衔接指信息结构之间的衔接，可通过主位-述位结构或替代、省略、对偶、排比、反复等修辞格实现。如：（1）我仍旧站在那棵柿子树下，望着树梢上那个孤零零的小火柿子。（2）它那红得透亮的色泽，依然给人一种喜盈盈的感觉。（3）可是我却哭了。（4）哭那陌生的，但却疼爱我的卖灶糖的老汉。 I stood under the persimmon tree， looking at the lone little persimmon. (2) Its flaming redness was a joyous sight， but I cried for the strange old candy peddler who had been so fond of me. I stood under the persimmon tree， looking at the lone little persimmon. (2) Its flaming redness was a joyous sight， but I cried.(3) I cried for the strange old candy peddler who had been so fond of me. 衔接手段(cohesive devices) 一、指称衔接词与所指对象之间的语义关系称为指称衔接，也称为照应。分类有外指和内指；回指和下指。如：1）张明是我的一个朋友。（外指，“张明”存在于客观世界中） 2）张明是我的一个朋友。他是江苏人。 （内指，“他”回指“张明”） 3）他在那边！张明。（内指，“他”下指“张明”） 4）这幅画是一部用思考和修养完成的杰作，它既有历史感又有现代艺术语言的独特性。 The painting is a masterpiece reflecting deep insight and artistic attainments; it expresses a sense of history by using specific modern artistic vocabulary. 三、词汇衔接词汇衔接可归纳为词的反复和搭配两大类。词的反复指使用相同的词、同义词或近义词，上义词和下义词。如：孔乙己便涨红了脸，额头上的青筋条条绽出，争辩道，“窃书不能算偷……窃书……读书人的事，能算偷么？” At that Kong Yiji would flush， the veins on his forehead standing out as he protested， “ Taking books can’t be counted stealing … Taking books … for a scholar … can’t be counted stealing.” 词语的自然搭配，体现在主语和谓语的搭配、动词和名词的搭配、英语动词短语中动词与介词的搭配、名词与介词的搭配等。黄浦的夕潮不知怎的已经涨上了，现在沿这苏州河的两岸的各色船只都浮得高高的，舱面比码头还高了约半英尺。 The evening tide from the whangpoo had turned imperceptibly， and now the assortment of boats along both sides of the creek were riding high， their decks some six inches above the landing-stages.8us红软基地

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