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这是conversion ppt，包括了The Definition of Conversion，Types of Conversion，Verb-Noun，Noun-Verb，Adjective-Noun，Adjective-Verb，Noun-Adjective等内容，欢迎点击下载。

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Word-formation III Conversion Important Points I. The Definition of Conversion II. Types of Conversion Verb-Noun Noun-Verb Adjective-Noun Adjective-Verb Noun-Adjective I.The definition of conversion Conversion is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation(零位派生). 1. Noun-verb conversion 2. Adjective-verb conversion 3. Verb-noun conversion 4. Adjective-noun conversion 5. Noun-adjective conversion 6. Minor category of conversion 7. Change of secondary word-class: noun， verb， adjective 1.Noun-verb conversion1. Noun-verb conversion He elbowed his way through the crowd. Problems snowballed by the hour. The newspaper headlined his long record of accomplishments. Kissinger got the plans and helicoptered to Camp David. Changes of pronunciation and spelling Abuse Advice House Use Belief Grief Shelf mouth Abuse Advise House Use Believe Grieve Shelve Mouth This noun to verb conversion may be subdivided into the following groups， based on A Grammar of Contemporary English by R. Qirk et al. a) ‘To put in/to N’: Usually locative nous denoting a place， a container or a specified location. bottle (‘to put into a bottle’)， corner， catalogue， floor， garage， position b) ‘To give N， to provide with N’: coat (‘to give a coat of paint’)， commission， grease， mask， muzzle， plaster c) ‘To deprive of N’: to remove the object denoted by the noun form something tore (‘to remove the core from’)， gut， peel. skin， top and tail (BrE) d) ‘To... with N”: the meaning of the verb is “to use the referent of the noun as an instrument for whatever activity particularly associated with it” brake (‘to stop by means of a brake’)， elbows， fiddle， finger， glue， knife e) ‘To be/act as N with respect to...’ i.Verbs from human nouns: mother， nurse， boss， chaperon， pilot， referee， usher eg. She mothered the orphan. ii.Verbs from animal nous: parrot， ape， monkey， dog， wolf eg. Tom parroted what the boss had said. Our cat has kittened. iii.Verbs from inanimate nous: shadow， balloon， flood， ghost， mushroom， snowball eg. The police shadowed the suspect. f) ‘To make/change...into N’ cash (‘to change into cash’)， cripple， group eg. Please cash this cheque for me.( Please change the cheque into cash. g) ‘To (a) send/(b) go by N’ (a) mail (‘to send by mail’)， ship， telegraph eg. Will you please mail the parcel? (b) bicycle (‘to go by bicycle’)， boat， canoe， motor eg. We bicycled to the Summer Palace. h) “ To spend the period of time denoted by N”: summer， holiday， winter， weekend， honeymoon， and vacation. eg. We summered in Qingdao. Note: Most of the verbs in this category are transitive， with the exception of type (g) (ii)， and type (h). 2. Adjective - verb conversion a. (transitive verb) to make adjective or to make more adjective: to cause someone or something to be， become， the quality denoted by the adjective Such as: calm (‘to make calm’)， dirty， humble， lower， soundproof b. (intransitive verbs) ‘to become adjective’: to be， become the quality denoted by the adjective Such as: pale， slim， sour， mellow， dim， and idle Sometimes the phrasal verb is derived from adjective by the addition of particle: smooth out (“to make smooth”)， sober up (‘to become sober’)， calm down (‘to become calm’) 3. Verb-noun conversion He was admitted to the university after a three-year wait. This little restaurant is quite a find. It is a good buy. He took a close look at the machine. doubt， smell， desire， want， attempt， hit， reply， divide Phrasal verb-noun conversion The following sub-division of verb to noun conversion is also based on A Grammar of Contemporary English by R.Qirk et al. a) to denote state of mind or state of sensation: desire， dismay， doubt， love， smell， taste; b) to denote an event or activity: attempt， fall， hit， laugh， release， search， shut-down， swim; to give a cry， shudder， start， howl， laugh to have a look， swim， ride， try， drink to make a dash， dive， guess to take a peep， turn c)‘ Agent /Subject of V”: bore， cheat， spy， coach， help， rebel， show-off， stand-in eg. He is a great bore.=He is a person bores everyone. d) as object of the verb: answer， bet， catch， find， handout， reject， import eg. This little restaurant is a quite find.= We found a nice little restaurant. e) as instrument of the verb: cover， wrap. wrench; eg. The cloth is a good cover for the table. g) place of the verb: divide， retreat， rise， turn. eg. This is the divide between the two rivers. =This is the place where the two rivers divide. f) as manner of the verb (+ing): walk， throw， lie; 4. Adjective-noun Conversion Partial Conversion Complete Conversion Partial conversion: some adjectives are used as nouns when preceded by the definite article; yet these converted nouns take on only some of the features of the noun; they do not take plural and genitive inflections， nor can they be preceded by determiners like a， this， my， etc. Such as the poor， the wounded. Meanwhile they also remain some features of adjectives， which can be modified by adverb and assume the comparative degree. Complete conversion: the conversion of adjective to noun is complete when the converted form takes on all the features of a noun. Such as native， married， regular， progressive 4.1 The Types of Partial conversion a. Denoting a quality or a state common to a group of person: the deaf， the blind， the poor， the wounded eg. The poor were oppressed by the rich during preliberation days. Note: one cannot say: I saw a poor./These poors are good people./Those poors’ houses need repairing. b. Denoting peoples of a nation (ending in –sh， -se， -ch): the English， the Chinese， the Danish， the Scotch eg. In former days the English and the Scotch were often at war. c. Denoting a quality in the abstract: eg. a strong dislike for the sentimental， to distinguish the false and the true， from the sublime to the ridiculous d. Denoting a single person (converted from participles): the accused， the deceased， the deserted， the condemned Adverbial superlatives are sometimes preceded by a definite article. eg. I will give you a definite answer on Tuesday at the latest. He is at his best in his description of college life. 4.2 Complete conversion A native， two natives， a returned native He is a natural for the job. Tom is one of our regulars， he comes in for a drink about this time every night. To them she is not a brusque crazy， but appropriately passionate. They are the creatives in the advertising department. 5. noun adjective conversion Only the noun form which occurs in predicative as well as in attributive positions can be included in this category: a brick garage  The garage is brick. reproduction furniture  this furniture Is reproduction. Worcester porcelain  This porcelain is Worcester a very Oxbridge accent  His accent is very Oxbridge (BrE) Note:This excludes those nouns used in the function of attributive adjectives only: He said it in a business tone. In this sentence business cannot be regarded as genuine conversion， because we cannot say: His tone is business. 6. Minor categories of conversion a) Conversion from closed-system words to nouns: This book is a must for the student of aerodynamics. b) Conversion from phrases to nouns: Whenever I gamble， my horse is one of the also rans (i.e. one of the horses which ‘also ran’ but was not among the winners) c) Conversion from phrases to adjectives: an under-the-weather feeling， I feel very under­ the-weather. (i.e. indisposed) d) Conversion from affixes to nouns: Patriotism， and any other isms you’d like to name. 7. Change of secondary word-class: nouns， verbs， adjectives 7.1 Change of secondary word-class: nouns a) non-count  count (i) ‘a unit of n’: two coffees (‘cups of coffee’) (ii) ‘a kind of n’: Some paints are more lasting than others (iii) ‘an instance of n’ (with abstract nouns.): a difficulty b) count  non-count ‘n viewed in terms of a measurable extent’ (normally only after expressions of amount): a few square feet of floor c) Proper  common (initial capital usually retained) (i) ‘A member of the class typified by N’: a Jeremiah (‘a gloomy prophet’) (ii) ‘A person， place， etc. called N’: There are several Cambridge (‘places called Cambridge in the world’) (iii) ‘A product of N or a sample or collection of N’s work’: a Rolls Royce (‘a car manufactured by Rolls Royce’)， a Rencir， a (complete) Shakespeare d) Stative  dynamic He’s being a fool (‘He’s behaving like a fool’) 7.2 Change of secondary word-class: verbs a) Intransitivetransitive b) Transitiveintransitive (i) ‘Can be V-ed’ Your book reads well. (ii) ‘To V oneself’: Have you washed yet? (iii) ‘To V someone/something/etc.’: We have eaten . (iv) ‘To be V-ed’: The door opened. c) Intransitiveintensive (i) Current meaning: He lay flat (ii) Resulting meaning: He fell flat d) Intensive—intransitive: The milk turned (i.e. ‘turned sour’) e) Monotransitivecomplex transitive (i) Current meaning: We catch them young (ii) Resulting meaning: I wiped it clean. 7.3 Change of secondary word-class: adjectives a) Non-gradable  gradable I have a veiy Legal tum of mind b) Stativedynamic He’s just being friendly (“acting in a friendly manner”)cx0红软基地

conversion词汇学PPT：这是conversion词汇学PPT，包括了Definition，Categories of Conversion，conversion to nouns，Deverbal，De-adjectival，Miscellaneous conversion，Conversion to Verbs，Miscellaneous conversion，Conversion to Adjectives，Other Words to Adjectives等内容，欢迎点击下载。